Python Programming Practices - School ICT Self Study

Table of Contents

Exercise 9.1: Sum of Two Numbers

Description : Write a program that takes two numbers as input from the user and calculates their sum.
Syllabus Coverage : Problem-solving process (understanding the problem, defining inputs and outputs, implementation).
Aim : Introduce students to basic input/output operations and simple arithmetic computations in Python.

# Python Code
num1 = float(input("Enter the first number: "))
num2 = float(input("Enter the second number: "))
sum_result = num1 + num2
print(f"The sum of {num1} and {num2} is {sum_result}")

# Python Code

num1 = float(input("Enter the first number: "))

num2 = float(input("Enter the second number: "))

sum_result = num1 + num2

print(f"The sum of {num1} and {num2} is {sum_result}")

Exercise 9.2: Largest of Three Numbers

Description : Write a program that takes three numbers as input and determines the largest among them.
Syllabus Coverage : Control structures (selection using if-elif-else).
Aim : Teach students how to use conditional statements to solve decision-making problems.

# Python Code
num1 = float(input("Enter the first number: "))
num2 = float(input("Enter the second number: "))
num3 = float(input("Enter the third number: "))

if num1 >= num2 and num1 >= num3:
    largest = num1
elif num2 >= num1 and num2 >= num3:
    largest = num2
else:
    largest = num3

print(f"The largest number is {largest}")

# Python Code

num1 = float(input("Enter the first number: "))

num2 = float(input("Enter the second number: "))

num3 = float(input("Enter the third number: "))

if num1 >= num2 and num1 >= num3:

largest = num1

elif num2 >= num1 and num2 >= num3:

largest = num2

else:

largest = num3

print(f"The largest number is {largest}")

Exercise 9.3: Factorial of a Number

Description : Write a program that calculates the factorial of a given number using a loop.
Syllabus Coverage : Control structures (repetition using for or while loops).
Aim : Introduce students to iterative programming and mathematical computations.

# Python Code
num = int(input("Enter a number to calculate its factorial: "))
factorial = 1

if num < 0:
    print("Factorial is not defined for negative numbers.")
elif num == 0:
    print("The factorial of 0 is 1.")
else:
    for i in range(1, num + 1):
        factorial *= i
    print(f"The factorial of {num} is {factorial}")

# Python Code

num = int(input("Enter a number to calculate its factorial: "))

factorial = 1

if num < 0:

print("Factorial is not defined for negative numbers.")

elif num == 0:

print("The factorial of 0 is 1.")

else:

for i in range(1, num + 1):

factorial *= i

print(f"The factorial of {num} is {factorial}")

Exercise 9.4: Multiplication Table

Description : Write a program that generates the multiplication table of a given number up to 10.
Syllabus Coverage : Repetition control structure (for loop).
Aim : Reinforce the concept of loops and formatting output.

# Python Code
num = int(input("Enter a number to generate its multiplication table: "))

print(f"Multiplication Table for {num}:")
for i in range(1, 11):
    print(f"{num} x {i} = {num * i}")

# Python Code

num = int(input("Enter a number to generate its multiplication table: "))

print(f"Multiplication Table for {num}:")

for i in range(1, 11):

print(f"{num} x {i} = {num * i}")

Exercise 9.5: Check if a Number is Prime

Description : Write a program that checks whether a given number is prime or not.
Syllabus Coverage : Nested control structures (loops and conditionals).
Aim : Teach students how to combine loops and conditionals to solve complex problems.

# Python Code
num = int(input("Enter a number to check if it's prime: "))

if num <= 1:
    print(f"{num} is not a prime number.")
else:
    is_prime = True
    for i in range(2, int(num ** 0.5) + 1):
        if num % i == 0:
            is_prime = False
            break

    if is_prime:
        print(f"{num} is a prime number.")
    else:
        print(f"{num} is not a prime number.")

# Python Code

num = int(input("Enter a number to check if it's prime: "))

if num <= 1:

print(f"{num} is not a prime number.")

else:

is_prime = True

for i in range(2, int(num ** 0.5) + 1):

if num % i == 0:

is_prime = False

break

if is_prime:

print(f"{num} is a prime number.")

else:

print(f"{num} is not a prime number.")

Exercise 9.6: Simple Calculator

Description : Write a program that acts as a simple calculator. The user should input two numbers and an operator (+, -, *, /), and the program should perform the corresponding operation.
Syllabus Coverage : Modularization (using functions), selection control structures.
Aim : Introduce students to modular programming and function usage.

# Python Code
def calculator():
    num1 = float(input("Enter the first number: "))
    num2 = float(input("Enter the second number: "))
    operator = input("Enter the operator (+, -, *, /): ")

    if operator == '+':
        result = num1 + num2
    elif operator == '-':
        result = num1 - num2
    elif operator == '*':
        result = num1 * num2
    elif operator == '/':
        if num2 != 0:
            result = num1 / num2
        else:
            return "Division by zero is not allowed."
    else:
        return "Invalid operator."

    return f"The result is {result}"

print(calculator())

# Python Code

def calculator():

num1 = float(input("Enter the first number: "))

num2 = float(input("Enter the second number: "))

operator = input("Enter the operator (+, -, *, /): ")

if operator == '+':

result = num1 + num2

elif operator == '-':

result = num1 - num2

elif operator == '*':

result = num1 * num2

elif operator == '/':

if num2 != 0:

result = num1 / num2

else:

return "Division by zero is not allowed."

else:

return "Invalid operator."

return f"The result is {result}"

print(calculator())

Exercise 9.7: Fibonacci Series

Description : Write a program that generates the Fibonacci series up to a given number of terms.
Syllabus Coverage : Repetition control structure (for loop), sequence generation.
Aim : Teach students how to generate sequences using loops and lists.

# Python Code
n = int(input("Enter the number of terms for the Fibonacci series: "))

fibonacci_series = [0, 1]
for i in range(2, n):
    next_term = fibonacci_series[-1] + fibonacci_series[-2]
    fibonacci_series.append(next_term)

print(f"Fibonacci series up to {n} terms: {fibonacci_series}")

# Python Code

n = int(input("Enter the number of terms for the Fibonacci series: "))

fibonacci_series = [0, 1]

for i in range(2, n):

next_term = fibonacci_series[-1] + fibonacci_series[-2]

fibonacci_series.append(next_term)

print(f"Fibonacci series up to {n} terms: {fibonacci_series}")

Exercise 9.8: Search for a Number in a List

Description : Write a program that searches for a given number in a list using sequential search.
Syllabus Coverage : Searching techniques (sequential search).
Aim : Introduce students to searching algorithms and their implementation.

# Python Code
numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
search_num = int(input("Enter the number to search: "))

found = False
for num in numbers:
    if num == search_num:
        found = True
        break

if found:
    print(f"{search_num} is found in the list.")
else:
    print(f"{search_num} is not found in the list.")

# Python Code

numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

search_num = int(input("Enter the number to search: "))

found = False

for num in numbers:

if num == search_num:

found = True

break

if found:

print(f"{search_num} is found in the list.")

else:

print(f"{search_num} is not found in the list.")

Exercise 9.9: Bubble Sort

Description : Write a program that sorts a list of numbers using the bubble sort algorithm.
Syllabus Coverage : Sorting techniques (bubble sort).
Aim : Teach students how to implement sorting algorithms.

# Python Code
numbers = [64, 34, 25, 12, 22, 11, 90]

for i in range(len(numbers)):
    for j in range(0, len(numbers) - i - 1):
        if numbers[j] > numbers[j + 1]:
            numbers[j], numbers[j + 1] = numbers[j + 1], numbers[j]

print(f"Sorted list: {numbers}")

# Python Code

numbers = [64, 34, 25, 12, 22, 11, 90]

for i in range(len(numbers)):

for j in range(0, len(numbers) - i - 1):

if numbers[j] > numbers[j + 1]:

numbers[j], numbers[j + 1] = numbers[j + 1], numbers[j]

print(f"Sorted list: {numbers}")

Exercise 9.10: File Handling – Reading and Writing

Description : Write a program that reads data from a file, modifies it, and writes it back to another file.
Syllabus Coverage : File handling (basic file operations).
Aim : Introduce students to file input/output operations in Python.

# Python Code
# Create a file named 'input.txt' with some text before running this program
with open('input.txt', 'r') as file:
    content = file.read()

modified_content = content.upper()  # Convert text to uppercase

with open('output.txt', 'w') as file:
    file.write(modified_content)

print("File processing complete. Check 'output.txt'.")

# Python Code

# Create a file named 'input.txt' with some text before running this program

with open('input.txt', 'r') as file:

content = file.read()

modified_content = content.upper() # Convert text to uppercase

with open('output.txt', 'w') as file:

file.write(modified_content)

print("File processing complete. Check 'output.txt'.")

Exercise 9.11: File Handling – Reading and Writing

# Python Code
# Create a file named 'input.txt' with some text before running this program
with open('input.txt', 'r') as file:
    content = file.read()

modified_content = content.upper()  # Convert text to uppercase

with open('output.txt', 'w') as file:
    file.write(modified_content)

print("File processing complete. Check 'output.txt'.")

# Python Code

# Create a file named 'input.txt' with some text before running this program

with open('input.txt', 'r') as file:

content = file.read()

modified_content = content.upper() # Convert text to uppercase

with open('output.txt', 'w') as file:

file.write(modified_content)

print("File processing complete. Check 'output.txt'.")

Exercise 9.12: Managing Data in Databases

Description : Write a program that connects to a SQLite database, creates a table, inserts data, retrieves data, and updates or deletes records.
Syllabus Coverage : Managing data in databases (connecting, retrieving, adding, modifying, and deleting data).
Aim : Teach students how to interact with databases using SQL queries embedded in Python.

# Python Code
import sqlite3

# Connect to a database (or create it)
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')
cursor = conn.cursor()

# Create a table
cursor.execute('''
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS students (
    id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
    name TEXT NOT NULL,
    age INTEGER
)
''')

# Insert data
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO students (name, age) VALUES ('Alice', 20)")
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO students (name, age) VALUES ('Bob', 22)")

# Retrieve data
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM students")
rows = cursor.fetchall()
print("Data in the table:")
for row in rows:
    print(row)

# Update data
cursor.execute("UPDATE students SET age = 21 WHERE name = 'Alice'")

# Delete data
cursor.execute("DELETE FROM students WHERE name = 'Bob'")

# Commit changes and close connection
conn.commit()
conn.close()
print("Database operations completed.")

# Python Code

import sqlite3

# Connect to a database (or create it)

conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')

cursor = conn.cursor()

# Create a table

cursor.execute('''

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS students (

id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,

name TEXT NOT NULL,

age INTEGER

)

''')

# Insert data

cursor.execute("INSERT INTO students (name, age) VALUES ('Alice', 20)")

cursor.execute("INSERT INTO students (name, age) VALUES ('Bob', 22)")

# Retrieve data

cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM students")

rows = cursor.fetchall()

print("Data in the table:")

for row in rows:

print(row)

# Update data

cursor.execute("UPDATE students SET age = 21 WHERE name = 'Alice'")

# Delete data

cursor.execute("DELETE FROM students WHERE name = 'Bob'")

# Commit changes and close connection

conn.commit()

conn.close()

print("Database operations completed.")

Exercise 9.13: Sequential Search

# Python Code
numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
search_num = int(input("Enter the number to search: "))

found = False
for num in numbers:
    if num == search_num:
        found = True
        break

if found:
    print(f"{search_num} is found in the list.")
else:
    print(f"{search_num} is not found in the list.")

# Python Code

numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

search_num = int(input("Enter the number to search: "))

found = False

for num in numbers:

if num == search_num:

found = True

break

if found:

print(f"{search_num} is found in the list.")

else:

print(f"{search_num} is not found in the list.")

Exercise 9.14: Bubble Sort

# Python Code
numbers = [64, 34, 25, 12, 22, 11, 90]

for i in range(len(numbers)):
    for j in range(0, len(numbers) - i - 1):
        if numbers[j] > numbers[j + 1]:
            numbers[j], numbers[j + 1] = numbers[j + 1], numbers[j]

print(f"Sorted list: {numbers}")

# Python Code

numbers = [64, 34, 25, 12, 22, 11, 90]

for i in range(len(numbers)):

for j in range(0, len(numbers) - i - 1):

if numbers[j] > numbers[j + 1]:

numbers[j], numbers[j + 1] = numbers[j + 1], numbers[j]

print(f"Sorted list: {numbers}")

Exercise 9.15: Working with Strings

Description : Write a program that takes a string as input and performs the following operations:

Convert the string to uppercase.
Count the number of vowels in the string.
Reverse the string.
Syllabus Coverage : Primitive data types (strings), operators, and basic string manipulation.
Aim : Introduce students to string handling and manipulation techniques in Python.

# Python Code
string = input("Enter a string: ")

# Convert to uppercase
uppercase_string = string.upper()

# Count vowels
vowels = "aeiouAEIOU"
vowel_count = sum(1 for char in string if char in vowels)

# Reverse the string
reversed_string = string[::-1]

print(f"Uppercase: {uppercase_string}")
print(f"Number of vowels: {vowel_count}")
print(f"Reversed string: {reversed_string}")

# Python Code

string = input("Enter a string: ")

# Convert to uppercase

uppercase_string = string.upper()

# Count vowels

vowels = "aeiouAEIOU"

vowel_count = sum(1 for char in string if char in vowels)

# Reverse the string

reversed_string = string[::-1]

print(f"Uppercase: {uppercase_string}")

print(f"Number of vowels: {vowel_count}")

print(f"Reversed string: {reversed_string}")

Exercise 9.16: Using Lists

Description : Write a program that creates a list of numbers, finds the largest and smallest numbers, and calculates the average.
Syllabus Coverage : Data structures (lists).
Aim : Teach students how to work with lists and perform common operations like finding min, max, and average.

# Python Code
numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

# Find largest and smallest numbers
largest = max(numbers)
smallest = min(numbers)

# Calculate average
average = sum(numbers) / len(numbers)

print(f"Largest number: {largest}")
print(f"Smallest number: {smallest}")
print(f"Average: {average}")

# Python Code

numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

# Find largest and smallest numbers

largest = max(numbers)

smallest = min(numbers)

# Calculate average

average = sum(numbers) / len(numbers)

print(f"Largest number: {largest}")

print(f"Smallest number: {smallest}")

print(f"Average: {average}")

Exercise 9.17: Using Tuples

Description : Write a program that creates a tuple of student names and prints the names in alphabetical order.
Syllabus Coverage : Data structures (tuples).
Aim : Introduce students to tuples and their immutability.

# Python Code
students = ("Alice", "Bob", "Charlie", "David")

# Sort the tuple
sorted_students = sorted(students)

print("Student names in alphabetical order:")
for name in sorted_students:
    print(name)

# Python Code

students = ("Alice", "Bob", "Charlie", "David")

# Sort the tuple

sorted_students = sorted(students)

print("Student names in alphabetical order:")

for name in sorted_students:

print(name)

Exercise 9.18: Using Dictionaries

Description : Write a program that uses a dictionary to store student names and their marks. The program should allow the user to add new students and display all students with their marks.
Syllabus Coverage : Data structures (dictionaries).
Aim : Teach students how to use dictionaries to store and retrieve key-value pairs.

# Python Code
students = {}

# Add students
students["Alice"] = 85
students["Bob"] = 90
students["Charlie"] = 78

# Display all students
print("Student Marks:")
for name, marks in students.items():
    print(f"{name}: {marks}")

# Python Code

students = {}

# Add students

students["Alice"] = 85

students["Bob"] = 90

students["Charlie"] = 78

# Display all students

print("Student Marks:")

for name, marks in students.items():

print(f"{name}: {marks}")

Exercise 9.19: Writing Functions

Description : Write a program that defines a function to calculate the area of a circle. The user should input the radius, and the function should return the area.
Syllabus Coverage : Sub-programs (functions).
Aim : Introduce students to writing reusable functions.

# Python Code
import math

def calculate_area(radius):
    return math.pi * radius ** 2

radius = float(input("Enter the radius of the circle: "))
area = calculate_area(radius)
print(f"The area of the circle is {area:.2f}")

# Python Code

import math

def calculate_area(radius):

return math.pi * radius ** 2

radius = float(input("Enter the radius of the circle: "))

area = calculate_area(radius)

print(f"The area of the circle is {area:.2f}")

Exercise 9.20: Nested Loops

Description : Write a program that prints a multiplication table from 1 to 10 using nested loops.
Syllabus Coverage : Control structures (nested loops).
Aim : Teach students how to use nested loops for complex tasks.

# Python Code
print("Multiplication Table:")
for i in range(1, 11):
    for j in range(1, 11):
        print(f"{i} x {j} = {i * j}")
    print()  # Print a blank line after each row

# Python Code

print("Multiplication Table:")

for i in range(1, 11):

for j in range(1, 11):

print(f"{i} x {j} = {i * j}")

print() # Print a blank line after each row

Exercise 9.21: Exception Handling

Description : Write a program that asks the user to input two numbers and divides them. Handle the case where the user tries to divide by zero.
Syllabus Coverage : Error handling.
Aim : Introduce students to exception handling in Python.

# Python Code
try:
    num1 = float(input("Enter the first number: "))
    num2 = float(input("Enter the second number: "))
    result = num1 / num2
    print(f"The result of {num1} / {num2} is {result}")
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("Error: Division by zero is not allowed.")
except ValueError:
    print("Error: Please enter valid numbers.")

# Python Code

try:

num1 = float(input("Enter the first number: "))

num2 = float(input("Enter the second number: "))

result = num1 / num2

print(f"The result of {num1} / {num2} is {result}")

except ZeroDivisionError:

print("Error: Division by zero is not allowed.")

except ValueError:

print("Error: Please enter valid numbers.")

Exercise 9.22: File Reading and Writing

Description : Write a program that reads a text file, counts the number of words, and writes the word count to another file.
Syllabus Coverage : File handling (reading and writing).
Aim : Teach students how to read from and write to files.

# Python Code
# Create a file named 'input.txt' with some text before running this program
with open('input.txt', 'r') as file:
    content = file.read()

word_count = len(content.split())

with open('output.txt', 'w') as file:
    file.write(f"Word count: {word_count}")

print("Word count written to 'output.txt'.")

# Python Code

# Create a file named 'input.txt' with some text before running this program

with open('input.txt', 'r') as file:

content = file.read()

word_count = len(content.split())

with open('output.txt', 'w') as file:

file.write(f"Word count: {word_count}")

print("Word count written to 'output.txt'.")

Exercise 9.23: Connecting to a Database

Description : Write a program that connects to a SQLite database, creates a table, inserts data, and retrieves it.
Syllabus Coverage : Managing data in databases.
Aim : Introduce students to database connectivity using Python.

# Python Code
import sqlite3

# Connect to a database (or create it)
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')
cursor = conn.cursor()

# Create a table
cursor.execute('''
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS students (
    id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
    name TEXT NOT NULL,
    age INTEGER
)
''')

# Insert data
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO students (name, age) VALUES ('Alice', 20)")
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO students (name, age) VALUES ('Bob', 22)")

# Retrieve data
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM students")
rows = cursor.fetchall()
print("Data in the table:")
for row in rows:
    print(row)

# Commit changes and close connection
conn.commit()
conn.close()

# Python Code

import sqlite3

# Connect to a database (or create it)

conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')

cursor = conn.cursor()

# Create a table

cursor.execute('''

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS students (

id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,

name TEXT NOT NULL,

age INTEGER

)

''')

# Insert data

cursor.execute("INSERT INTO students (name, age) VALUES ('Alice', 20)")

cursor.execute("INSERT INTO students (name, age) VALUES ('Bob', 22)")

# Retrieve data

cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM students")

rows = cursor.fetchall()

print("Data in the table:")

for row in rows:

print(row)

# Commit changes and close connection

conn.commit()

conn.close()

Exercise 9.24: Sequential Search

# Python Code
numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
search_num = int(input("Enter the number to search: "))

found = False
for num in numbers:
    if num == search_num:
        found = True
        break

if found:
    print(f"{search_num} is found in the list.")
else:
    print(f"{search_num} is not found in the list.")

# Python Code

numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

search_num = int(input("Enter the number to search: "))

found = False

for num in numbers:

if num == search_num:

found = True

break

if found:

print(f"{search_num} is found in the list.")

else:

print(f"{search_num} is not found in the list.")

Exercise 9.25: Bubble Sort

# Python Code
numbers = [64, 34, 25, 12, 22, 11, 90]

for i in range(len(numbers)):
    for j in range(0, len(numbers) - i - 1):
        if numbers[j] > numbers[j + 1]:
            numbers[j], numbers[j + 1] = numbers[j + 1], numbers[j]

print(f"Sorted list: {numbers}")

# Python Code

numbers = [64, 34, 25, 12, 22, 11, 90]

for i in range(len(numbers)):

for j in range(0, len(numbers) - i - 1):

if numbers[j] > numbers[j + 1]:

numbers[j], numbers[j + 1] = numbers[j + 1], numbers[j]

print(f"Sorted list: {numbers}")

Below are additional Python exercises that align with the syllabus and provide practical, hands-on coding experience. These exercises focus on key concepts such as file handling , database connectivity , data structures , functions , and algorithms . Each exercise includes a description, syllabus coverage, aim, and Python code

Exercise 9.26: Working with Files

Description : Write a program that reads a text file line by line and counts the number of lines, words, and characters in the file.
Syllabus Coverage : File handling (basic file operations).
Aim : Teach students how to process files and extract useful information.

# Python Code
filename = input("Enter the filename: ")

try:
    with open(filename, 'r') as file:
        lines = file.readlines()

    num_lines = len(lines)
    num_words = sum(len(line.split()) for line in lines)
    num_chars = sum(len(line) for line in lines)

    print(f"Number of lines: {num_lines}")
    print(f"Number of words: {num_words}")
    print(f"Number of characters: {num_chars}")
except FileNotFoundError:
    print(f"Error: The file '{filename}' was not found.")

# Python Code

filename = input("Enter the filename: ")

try:

with open(filename, 'r') as file:

lines = file.readlines()

num_lines = len(lines)

num_words = sum(len(line.split()) for line in lines)

num_chars = sum(len(line) for line in lines)

print(f"Number of lines: {num_lines}")

print(f"Number of words: {num_words}")

print(f"Number of characters: {num_chars}")

except FileNotFoundError:

print(f"Error: The file '{filename}' was not found.")

Exercise 9.27: Using Dictionaries for Frequency Count

Description : Write a program that reads a text file and calculates the frequency of each word in the file using a dictionary.
Syllabus Coverage : Data structures (dictionaries).
Aim : Introduce students to dictionaries for counting and organizing data.

# Python Code
filename = input("Enter the filename: ")

try:
    with open(filename, 'r') as file:
        text = file.read().lower()  # Convert text to lowercase
        words = text.split()

    word_count = {}
    for word in words:
        word = word.strip('.,!?()[]{}"\'')  # Remove punctuation
        if word:
            word_count[word] = word_count.get(word, 0) + 1

    print("Word Frequencies:")
    for word, count in word_count.items():
        print(f"{word}: {count}")
except FileNotFoundError:
    print(f"Error: The file '{filename}' was not found.")

# Python Code

filename = input("Enter the filename: ")

try:

with open(filename, 'r') as file:

text = file.read().lower() # Convert text to lowercase

words = text.split()

word_count = {}

for word in words:

word = word.strip('.,!?()[]{}"\'') # Remove punctuation

if word:

word_count[word] = word_count.get(word, 0) + 1

print("Word Frequencies:")

for word, count in word_count.items():

print(f"{word}: {count}")

except FileNotFoundError:

print(f"Error: The file '{filename}' was not found.")

Exercise 9.28: Recursive Functions

Description : Write a program that calculates the factorial of a number using recursion.
Syllabus Coverage : Sub-programs (functions), recursion.
Aim : Teach students how to write recursive functions.

# Python Code
def factorial(n):
    if n == 0 or n == 1:
        return 1
    return n * factorial(n - 1)

num = int(input("Enter a number to calculate its factorial: "))
if num < 0:
    print("Factorial is not defined for negative numbers.")
else:
    print(f"The factorial of {num} is {factorial(num)}")

# Python Code

def factorial(n):

if n == 0 or n == 1:

return 1

return n * factorial(n - 1)

num = int(input("Enter a number to calculate its factorial: "))

if num < 0:

print("Factorial is not defined for negative numbers.")

else:

print(f"The factorial of {num} is {factorial(num)}")

Exercise 9.29: Sorting a List of Dictionaries

Description : Write a program that sorts a list of dictionaries based on a specific key.
Syllabus Coverage : Data structures (lists, dictionaries), sorting techniques.
Aim : Introduce students to sorting complex data structures.

# Python Code
students = [
    {"name": "Alice", "age": 25},
    {"name": "Bob", "age": 22},
    {"name": "Charlie", "age": 28}
]

# Sort by age
sorted_students = sorted(students, key=lambda x: x["age"])

print("Students sorted by age:")
for student in sorted_students:
    print(student)

# Python Code

students = [

{"name": "Alice", "age": 25},

{"name": "Bob", "age": 22},

{"name": "Charlie", "age": 28}

]

# Sort by age

sorted_students = sorted(students, key=lambda x: x["age"])

print("Students sorted by age:")

for student in sorted_students:

print(student)

Exercise 9.30: Connecting to a Database and Querying Data

Description : Write a program that connects to a SQLite database, creates a table, inserts data, and retrieves it using SQL queries.
Syllabus Coverage : Managing data in databases.
Aim : Reinforce students’ understanding of database connectivity and SQL queries.

# Python Code
import sqlite3

# Connect to a database (or create it)
conn = sqlite3.connect('school.db')
cursor = conn.cursor()

# Create a table
cursor.execute('''
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS students (
    id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
    name TEXT NOT NULL,
    grade TEXT
)
''')

# Insert data
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO students (name, grade) VALUES ('Alice', 'A')")
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO students (name, grade) VALUES ('Bob', 'B')")

# Retrieve data
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM students WHERE grade = 'A'")
rows = cursor.fetchall()

print("Students with grade A:")
for row in rows:
    print(row)

# Commit changes and close connection
conn.commit()
conn.close()

# Python Code

import sqlite3

# Connect to a database (or create it)

conn = sqlite3.connect('school.db')

cursor = conn.cursor()

# Create a table

cursor.execute('''

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS students (

id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,

name TEXT NOT NULL,

grade TEXT

)

''')

# Insert data

cursor.execute("INSERT INTO students (name, grade) VALUES ('Alice', 'A')")

cursor.execute("INSERT INTO students (name, grade) VALUES ('Bob', 'B')")

# Retrieve data

cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM students WHERE grade = 'A'")

rows = cursor.fetchall()

print("Students with grade A:")

for row in rows:

print(row)

# Commit changes and close connection

conn.commit()

conn.close()

Exercise 9.31: Binary Search Algorithm

Description : Write a program that implements the binary search algorithm to find a target value in a sorted list.
Syllabus Coverage : Searching techniques (binary search).
Aim : Teach students an efficient searching algorithm.

# Python Code
def binary_search(arr, target):
    low, high = 0, len(arr) - 1
    while low <= high:
        mid = (low + high) // 2
        if arr[mid] == target:
            return mid
        elif arr[mid] < target:
            low = mid + 1
        else:
            high = mid - 1
    return -1

numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
target = int(input("Enter the number to search: "))

index = binary_search(numbers, target)
if index != -1:
    print(f"{target} found at index {index}.")
else:
    print(f"{target} not found in the list.")

# Python Code

def binary_search(arr, target):

low, high = 0, len(arr) - 1

while low <= high:

mid = (low + high) // 2

if arr[mid] == target:

return mid

elif arr[mid] < target:

low = mid + 1

else:

high = mid - 1

return -1

numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

target = int(input("Enter the number to search: "))

index = binary_search(numbers, target)

if index != -1:

print(f"{target} found at index {index}.")

else:

print(f"{target} not found in the list.")

Exercise 9.32: Handling JSON Data

Description : Write a program that reads a JSON file, modifies its contents, and writes the updated data back to the file.
Syllabus Coverage : File handling (JSON).
Aim : Introduce students to working with JSON data.

# Python Code
import json

# Sample JSON file content: {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}
filename = 'data.json'

# Read JSON file
with open(filename, 'r') as file:
    data = json.load(file)

# Modify data
data['age'] += 1

# Write updated data back to JSON file
with open(filename, 'w') as file:
    json.dump(data, file, indent=4)

print("Data updated successfully.")

# Python Code

import json

# Sample JSON file content: {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}

filename = 'data.json'

# Read JSON file

with open(filename, 'r') as file:

data = json.load(file)

# Modify data

data['age'] += 1

# Write updated data back to JSON file

with open(filename, 'w') as file:

json.dump(data, file, indent=4)

print("Data updated successfully.")

Exercise 9.33: Generating Random Numbers

Description : Write a program that generates a list of random numbers and finds the largest and smallest numbers.
Syllabus Coverage : Primitive data types, control structures.
Aim : Teach students how to use the random module and perform basic operations.

# Python Code
import random

# Generate a list of 10 random numbers between 1 and 100
numbers = [random.randint(1, 100) for _ in range(10)]

largest = max(numbers)
smallest = min(numbers)

print(f"Generated numbers: {numbers}")
print(f"Largest number: {largest}")
print(f"Smallest number: {smallest}")

# Python Code

import random

# Generate a list of 10 random numbers between 1 and 100

numbers = [random.randint(1, 100) for _ in range(10)]

largest = max(numbers)

smallest = min(numbers)

print(f"Generated numbers: {numbers}")

print(f"Largest number: {largest}")

print(f"Smallest number: {smallest}")

Exercise 9.34: Simulating a Simple Banking System

Description : Write a program that simulates a simple banking system where users can deposit, withdraw, and check their balance.
Syllabus Coverage : Control structures, functions, data structures.
Aim : Provide a real-world application of Python programming concepts.

# Python Code
def deposit(balance, amount):
    return balance + amount

def withdraw(balance, amount):
    if amount > balance:
        print("Insufficient funds.")
        return balance
    return balance - amount

def main():
    balance = 0
    while True:
        print("\n1. Deposit")
        print("2. Withdraw")
        print("3. Check Balance")
        print("4. Exit")
        choice = input("Enter your choice: ")

        if choice == '1':
            amount = float(input("Enter the amount to deposit: "))
            balance = deposit(balance, amount)
            print(f"Deposited {amount}. New balance: {balance}")
        elif choice == '2':
            amount = float(input("Enter the amount to withdraw: "))
            balance = withdraw(balance, amount)
            print(f"Withdrew {amount}. New balance: {balance}")
        elif choice == '3':
            print(f"Current balance: {balance}")
        elif choice == '4':
            print("Exiting...")
            break
        else:
            print("Invalid choice. Please try again.")

main()

# Python Code

def deposit(balance, amount):

return balance + amount

def withdraw(balance, amount):

if amount > balance:

print("Insufficient funds.")

return balance

return balance - amount

def main():

balance = 0

while True:

print("\n1. Deposit")

print("2. Withdraw")

print("3. Check Balance")

print("4. Exit")

choice = input("Enter your choice: ")

if choice == '1':

amount = float(input("Enter the amount to deposit: "))

balance = deposit(balance, amount)

print(f"Deposited {amount}. New balance: {balance}")

elif choice == '2':

amount = float(input("Enter the amount to withdraw: "))

balance = withdraw(balance, amount)

print(f"Withdrew {amount}. New balance: {balance}")

elif choice == '3':

print(f"Current balance: {balance}")

elif choice == '4':

print("Exiting...")

break

else:

print("Invalid choice. Please try again.")

main()

Python is an incredibly versatile programming language that can be used for a wide range of applications beyond the scope of your syllabus. Below are some additional, advanced, or creative ideas that you can explore using Python, which go beyond the topics covered in your Grade 13 ICT syllabus. These ideas will help you deepen your understanding of Python and its real-world applications:

1. Web Scraping

What You Can Do : Extract data from websites for analysis or automation.

Example Use Case : Scrape news articles, product prices, or social media posts.
Libraries : BeautifulSoup, requests, Selenium.
Code Example :

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

url = "https://example.com"
response = requests.get(url)
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')

# Extract all headings
headings = soup.find_all('h1')
for heading in headings:
    print(heading.text)

import requests

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

url = "https://example.com"

response = requests.get(url)

soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')

# Extract all headings

headings = soup.find_all('h1')

for heading in headings:

print(heading.text)

2. Data Analysis and Visualization

What You Can Do : Analyze datasets and create visualizations like graphs, charts, and heatmaps.

Example Use Case : Analyze sales data, student performance, or weather patterns.
Libraries : pandas, matplotlib, seaborn, plotly.
Code Example :

import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Load data
data = {'Months': ['Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar'], 'Sales': [200, 250, 300]}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# Plot
plt.plot(df['Months'], df['Sales'])
plt.title("Monthly Sales")
plt.xlabel("Months")
plt.ylabel("Sales")
plt.show()

import pandas as pd

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Load data

data = {'Months': ['Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar'], 'Sales': [200, 250, 300]}

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# Plot

plt.plot(df['Months'], df['Sales'])

plt.title("Monthly Sales")

plt.xlabel("Months")

plt.ylabel("Sales")

plt.show()

3. Machine Learning

What You Can Do : Build predictive models for classification, regression, clustering, etc.

Example Use Case : Predict house prices, classify emails as spam or not, or recommend products.
Libraries : scikit-learn, tensorflow, keras.
Code Example :

from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
import numpy as np

# Sample data
X = np.array([[1], [2], [3], [4]])  # Features
y = np.array([2, 4, 6, 8])          # Target

# Train model
model = LinearRegression()
model.fit(X, y)

# Predict
print(model.predict(<button class="citation-flag" data-index="5">))  # Output: [10]

from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression

import numpy as np

# Sample data

X = np.array([[1], [2], [3], [4]]) # Features

y = np.array([2, 4, 6, 8]) # Target

# Train model

model = LinearRegression()

model.fit(X, y)

# Predict

print(model.predict(<button class="citation-flag" data-index="5">)) # Output: [10]

4. Automation Scripts

What You Can Do : Automate repetitive tasks like file organization, email sending, or report generation.

Example Use Case : Organize files into folders based on their extensions.
Libraries : os, shutil, smtplib.
Code Example :

import os
import shutil

# Organize files by extension
folder_path = "/path/to/folder"
for filename in os.listdir(folder_path):
    if filename.endswith(".txt"):
        shutil.move(os.path.join(folder_path, filename), "/path/to/txt_folder")

import os

import shutil

# Organize files by extension

folder_path = "/path/to/folder"

for filename in os.listdir(folder_path):

if filename.endswith(".txt"):

shutil.move(os.path.join(folder_path, filename), "/path/to/txt_folder")

5. Building APIs

What You Can Do : Create RESTful APIs to serve data or interact with applications.

Example Use Case : Build an API to fetch weather data or user information.
Libraries : Flask, FastAPI.
Code Example :

from flask import Flask, jsonify

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/api/data', methods=['GET'])
def get_data():
    return jsonify({"message": "Hello, World!"})

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(debug=True)

from flask import Flask, jsonify

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/api/data', methods=['GET'])

def get_data():

return jsonify({"message": "Hello, World!"})

if __name__ == '__main__':

app.run(debug=True)

6. Game Development

What You Can Do : Create simple games like Tic-Tac-Toe, Snake, or Pong.

Example Use Case : Develop a text-based adventure game or a graphical game.
Libraries : pygame.
Code Example :

import pygame

pygame.init()

# Screen setup
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((400, 300))
pygame.display.set_caption("Simple Game")

running = True
while running:
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
            running = False

    screen.fill((0, 0, 0))  # Black background
    pygame.display.flip()

pygame.quit()

import pygame

pygame.init()

# Screen setup

screen = pygame.display.set_mode((400, 300))

pygame.display.set_caption("Simple Game")

running = True

while running:

for event in pygame.event.get():

if event.type == pygame.QUIT:

running = False

screen.fill((0, 0, 0)) # Black background

pygame.display.flip()

pygame.quit()

7. Chatbots

What You Can Do : Build conversational agents for customer support or personal assistants.

Example Use Case : Create a chatbot to answer FAQs or provide recommendations.
Libraries : nltk, chatterbot, transformers.
Code Example :

from chatterbot import ChatBot
from chatterbot.trainers import ChatterBotCorpusTrainer

# Create chatbot
chatbot = ChatBot('MyBot')
trainer = ChatterBotCorpusTrainer(chatbot)
trainer.train("chatterbot.corpus.english")

# Interact
response = chatbot.get_response("Hello")
print(response)  # Output: Hi there!

from chatterbot import ChatBot

from chatterbot.trainers import ChatterBotCorpusTrainer

# Create chatbot

chatbot = ChatBot('MyBot')

trainer = ChatterBotCorpusTrainer(chatbot)

trainer.train("chatterbot.corpus.english")

# Interact

response = chatbot.get_response("Hello")

print(response) # Output: Hi there!

8. Image Processing

What You Can Do : Manipulate images (resize, crop, apply filters) or perform object detection.

Example Use Case : Build a face detection system or watermark images.
Libraries : Pillow, opencv-python.
Code Example :

from PIL import Image, ImageFilter

# Open image
image = Image.open("example.jpg")

# Apply blur
blurred_image = image.filter(ImageFilter.BLUR)
blurred_image.save("blurred_example.jpg")

from PIL import Image, ImageFilter

# Open image

image = Image.open("example.jpg")

# Apply blur

blurred_image = image.filter(ImageFilter.BLUR)

blurred_image.save("blurred_example.jpg")

9. Natural Language Processing (NLP)

What You Can Do : Process and analyze text data (sentiment analysis, summarization).

Example Use Case : Analyze customer reviews or summarize long documents.
Libraries : nltk, spaCy, transformers.
Code Example :

from textblob import TextBlob

text = "I love this product! It's amazing."
blob = TextBlob(text)

# Sentiment analysis
print(blob.sentiment)  # Output: Sentiment(polarity=0.5, subjectivity=0.6)

from textblob import TextBlob

text = "I love this product! It's amazing."

blob = TextBlob(text)

# Sentiment analysis

print(blob.sentiment) # Output: Sentiment(polarity=0.5, subjectivity=0.6)

10. IoT Integration

What You Can Do : Control IoT devices (lights, fans, sensors) using Python.

Example Use Case : Build a smart home system or monitor environmental data.
Libraries : RPi.GPIO (for Raspberry Pi), pyserial.
Code Example :

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import time

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
GPIO.setup(18, GPIO.OUT)

try:
    while True:
        GPIO.output(18, GPIO.HIGH)  # Turn LED on
        time.sleep(1)
        GPIO.output(18, GPIO.LOW)   # Turn LED off
        time.sleep(1)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
    GPIO.cleanup()

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO

import time

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)

GPIO.setup(18, GPIO.OUT)

try:

while True:

GPIO.output(18, GPIO.HIGH) # Turn LED on

time.sleep(1)

GPIO.output(18, GPIO.LOW) # Turn LED off

time.sleep(1)

except KeyboardInterrupt:

GPIO.cleanup()

11. Blockchain Basics

What You Can Do : Simulate a basic blockchain or cryptocurrency system.

Example Use Case : Create a simple blockchain for educational purposes.
Libraries : hashlib.
Code Example :

import hashlib
import json

class Block:
    def __init__(self, index, timestamp, data, previous_hash):
        self.index = index
        self.timestamp = timestamp
        self.data = data
        self.previous_hash = previous_hash
        self.hash = self.calculate_hash()

    def calculate_hash(self):
        block_string = json.dumps(self.__dict__, sort_keys=True).encode()
        return hashlib.sha256(block_string).hexdigest()

# Create genesis block
genesis_block = Block(0, "01/01/2023", "Genesis Block", "0")
print(genesis_block.hash)

import hashlib

import json

class Block:

def __init__(self, index, timestamp, data, previous_hash):

self.index = index

self.timestamp = timestamp

self.data = data

self.previous_hash = previous_hash

self.hash = self.calculate_hash()

def calculate_hash(self):

block_string = json.dumps(self.__dict__, sort_keys=True).encode()

return hashlib.sha256(block_string).hexdigest()

# Create genesis block

genesis_block = Block(0, "01/01/2023", "Genesis Block", "0")

print(genesis_block.hash)

12. GUI Applications

What You Can Do : Build desktop applications with graphical user interfaces.

Example Use Case : Create a calculator, to-do list, or file manager.
Libraries : tkinter, PyQt, Kivy.
Code Example :

import tkinter as tk

def greet():
    label.config(text="Hello, World!")

# Create window
window = tk.Tk()
window.title("Simple GUI")

# Add widgets
button = tk.Button(window, text="Click Me", command=greet)
button.pack()

label = tk.Label(window, text="")
label.pack()

window.mainloop()

import tkinter as tk

def greet():

label.config(text="Hello, World!")

# Create window

window = tk.Tk()

window.title("Simple GUI")

# Add widgets

button = tk.Button(window, text="Click Me", command=greet)

button.pack()

label = tk.Label(window, text="")

label.pack()

window.mainloop()

13. Networking

What You Can Do : Build networked applications like chat servers or file transfer systems.

Example Use Case : Create a simple chat server and client.
Libraries : socket.
Code Example :

import socket

# Server
server_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
server_socket.bind(('localhost', 12345))
server_socket.listen(1)

print("Waiting for connection...")
connection, address = server_socket.accept()
print(f"Connected to {address}")

data = connection.recv(1024)
print(f"Received: {data.decode()}")
connection.sendall(b"Message received")
connection.close()

import socket

# Server

server_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)

server_socket.bind(('localhost', 12345))

server_socket.listen(1)

print("Waiting for connection...")

connection, address = server_socket.accept()

print(f"Connected to {address}")

data = connection.recv(1024)

print(f"Received: {data.decode()}")

connection.sendall(b"Message received")

connection.close()

14. Cryptography

What You Can Do : Encrypt and decrypt messages for secure communication.

Example Use Case : Build a password manager or secure messaging app.
Libraries : cryptography.
Code Example :

from cryptography.fernet import Fernet

# Generate key
key = Fernet.generate_key()
cipher_suite = Fernet(key)

# Encrypt
message = b"Secret message"
encrypted_message = cipher_suite.encrypt(message)

# Decrypt
decrypted_message = cipher_suite.decrypt(encrypted_message)
print(decrypted_message.decode())  # Output: Secret message

from cryptography.fernet import Fernet

# Generate key

key = Fernet.generate_key()

cipher_suite = Fernet(key)

# Encrypt

message = b"Secret message"

encrypted_message = cipher_suite.encrypt(message)

# Decrypt

decrypted_message = cipher_suite.decrypt(encrypted_message)

print(decrypted_message.decode()) # Output: Secret message

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