File Operations, Database Interaction, and Algorithm Efficiency

Answers and Descriptions:

1. Answer: Open, close, read, write, append.
   Description: These operations allow file handling in Python. open() accesses a file, read()/write()/append() manipulates content, and close() releases resources.

2. Answer:

   # Write to file
   with open("sample.txt", "w") as file:
       file.write("Hello, Grade 13!")
   # Read from file
   with open("sample.txt", "r") as file:
       content = file.read()
       print(content)

   Description: The program uses with to safely open a file, writes a string in write mode (“w”), and reads it back in read mode (“r”).

3. Answer: Use the mysql.connector module to connect, execute SQL queries, and fetch data.
   Description: Example:

   import mysql.connector
   conn = mysql.connector.connect(host="localhost", user="root", password="pass", database="school")
   cursor = conn.cursor()
   cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM students")
   print(cursor.fetchall())
   conn.close()

   This connects to a MySQL database, retrieves all records from the students table, and closes the connection.

4. Answer: Sequential search checks each element in a list until the target is found or the list ends.
   Description: It’s simple but inefficient for large datasets, used when data is unsorted or small.

5. Answer:

   def bubble_sort(arr):
       n = len(arr)
       for i in range(n):
           for j in range(0, n-i-1):
               if arr[j] > arr[j+1]:
                   arr[j], arr[j+1] = arr[j+1], arr[j]
       return arr
   numbers = [64, 34, 25, 12, 22]
   print("Sorted:", bubble_sort(numbers))

   Description: Bubble sort compares adjacent elements and swaps them if out of order, repeating until sorted. It’s simple but inefficient for large lists.