Welcome to the ultimate self-study guide for the GCE O/L ICT Unit 1: Fundamentals of Information and Communication Technology. This unit is a critical part of the Sri Lankan national syllabus, covering essential concepts that appear in both MCQ and structured essay papers.
In this guide, we will explore the definition of ICT, the crucial difference between data and information, the Input-Process-Output (IPO) model, and the evolution of computer technology.
1. What is ICT? Definition and Modern Applications
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is the powerful combination of technologies used to handle information and facilitate communication. In Sri Lanka, ICT has transformed various sectors, making services more efficient.
Key Applications in Sri Lanka:
- e-Government: Providing online services from the government to citizens (G2C), such as checking national exam results online or paying utility bills through official portals.
- Agriculture: Utilizing automated irrigation systems and accessing data-driven weather forecasts to help farmers improve crop yields.
- Education: Enabling online learning platforms and digital classrooms for students across the island.
- Health: Managing patient records electronically, utilizing Telemedicine for remote consultations, and using computer-controlled medical equipment like CAT scanners.
2. Data vs. Information: Understanding the Core Difference
One of the most important concepts for any ICT student is distinguishing between raw facts and meaningful results.
- Data (Raw Facts): These are unorganized facts, figures, or symbols that do not have a specific meaning on their own. For example, a list of marks like 85, 90, and 75 is considered data.
- Information (Meaningful Output): This is the result of processing data. It is organized and useful for making decisions. For example, a student’s “Average Mark” or “Rank” is information.
- Processing: This is the method or set of instructions used to convert raw data into meaningful information.
3. The Data Lifecycle
Data goes through a specific journey to become useful. The Data Lifecycle includes five key stages:
- Creation: Generating or collecting the initial raw facts.
- Processing: Converting and organizing the data into a usable form.
- Storage: Keeping the data safe for future use.
- Sharing: Distributing the processed information to those who need it.
- Archival/Removal: Storing data long-term for records or securely deleting it when it is no longer needed.
4. The Information Creation Model (IPO)
Every computer system operates based on a simple yet powerful model called Input → Process → Output (IPO).
- Input (Data): Entering raw data into the system. Example: Typing your PIN and withdrawal amount into an ATM.
- Processing: The system performs calculations or follows logic. Example: The ATM system checking your balance and updates it.
- Output (Information): The processed result is presented to the user. Example: The ATM dispensing cash and a receipt showing your new balance.
5. The Evolution: Four Generations of Computers
Computers have evolved through different stages based on their core internal technology.
| Generation | Core Technology | Key Characteristics |
| First | Vacuum Tubes | Massive size, slow speed, and produced high heat. |
| Second | Transistors | Smaller, more reliable, and faster than the first generation. |
| Third | Integrated Circuits (IC) | Utilized micro-electronics for significantly increased speed. |
| Fourth | VLSI (Microprocessors) | Extremely fast, small, and high capacity—the technology in modern PCs. |
6. Hardware vs. Software: The Two System Pillars
A computer system is divided into two main categories that must work together.
- Hardware (Physical): These are the physical components you can touch, such as the CPU, mouse, keyboard, and monitor.
- Software (Non-Physical): These are the instructions or programs that tell the hardware what to do, such as Operating Systems or Web Browsers.
7. Introduction to Number Systems
Computers operate using the Binary system (Base 2), which consists only of 0s and 1s representing “on” and “off” signals. Converting standard Decimal (Base 10) numbers into Binary is a vital skill for O/L exams.
- Decimal to Binary: Dividing a number by 2 and tracking the remainders.
- Binary to Decimal: Multiplying each bit by its corresponding power of 2.
Exam Tips for GCE O/L Students
- MCQ Section: Expect 5-8 questions on these basics, especially identifying computer generations and distinguishing data from information.
- Paper II (Structured): This unit often contributes 6-10 marks, usually in the early parts of the essay questions.
- Focus on Keywords: Use technical terms like “VLSI,” “e-Government,” and “IPO Model” to ensure you get full marks in written answers.
Leave a Reply